The poem Charlotte ONeils song Essay Example For Students

The poem Charlotte ONeils song Essay The poem Charlotte ONeils song was written by Fiona Farrell in the 1980s. Fiona Farrell originates from New Zealand. This poem comes from a group of poems called passengers, passengers consists of three poems and a song. These poems were set in 1871 and were inspired by 19th Century ship records. Charlotte ONeil is a real person, shes 17 years old and she travelled on the Isabella Hercus in 1871 from Britain. Farrell stereotyped charlottes situation on what she knew about lower class women in the late 19th Century. Charlotte left Britain for New Zealand in search of a job to escape from servitude, to find a better life. The poem tells us about Charlottes strenuous lifestyle and the manner in which her mistress treats her. The poem itself consists of five stanzas; each verse has five or more lines accept for the third. The theme of the poem is of Charlotte ONeils bitterness and hatred towards her mistress. She is addressing her opinion of her wretched lifestyle to her mistress. Judging by her tone, she has plenty of courage and knows how to answer up for herself, she might even be described as cheeky. We will write a custom essay on The poem Charlotte ONeils song specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The poem begins with the line  You rang your bell and I answered. From this line you immediately get the impression that Charlotte is being treated like a pet animal in the sense her mistress calls her and she comes running. It is as if Charlotte is being summoned by her mistress to work. The fact shes being summoned to work is the reason this line comes before the rest of the first verse. Charlotte seems as much upset by the loss of her freedom as she is by the hard physical labour. In this verse Charlotte describes the labour she finds herself doing. It varies from washing the dishes to scraping the open fireplace. You can see that the work Charlotte did was almost entirely physical. Charlotte refers to the fact she has to polish the parquet floor. This is the first example of contrast between the lifestyles of Charlotte and her mistress. Parquet flooring is usually associated in rich households, so this represents the wealth of the mistress. I scrubbed till my hands were raw. The word raw emphasises the suffering and pain Charlotte is going through.  The fact she scrubs until she is physically in pain is quite harrowing and you feel quite sorry for her. The word raw could reflect the mistresss temperament in the sense she is possibly forcing Charlotte to work until she is in an incorporable state. The rhyming pattern for this first verse is A, B, C, C, B.You can see that there is a great difference between a silken pillow and andattic cot. A cot would have been very hard, narrow and uncomfortable. The fact she sleeps in an attic suggests her mistress wanted her out of the way away from family and guests. It sounds as if the employer held the view that people were destined to be in a certain social class, which is why the lady refers to the poor girls lot, possibly implying that there was nothing she could do about it. Ironically Charlotte is doing something by leaving the country.  Charlottes employer would be considered an arrogant and selfish woman if she behaved like this today but she would have taken all of Charlottes services for granted at the time and no one would have thought badly of her. The rhyming pattern for the second verse is A,B,C,B,D,D The third stanza tells us how Charlotte had to empty the chamber pot. The upper class used a chamber pot instead of going to the toilet at night, so it would have been Charlottes job to empty the contents in the morning. Charlottes employer clearly felt it her duty to educate her.  The rich man earns his castle, you said,  the poor deserve the gate.  This is a reference to a popular hymn All Things Bright and Beautiful. This verse is usually omitted nowadays because of its undemocratic sentiments. .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2 , .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2 .postImageUrl , .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2 , .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2:hover , .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2:visited , .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2:active { border:0!important; } .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2:active , .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2 .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2418ea2e511c5b5e9a39483b6952f0d2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Enduring Love: How satisfying are the three appendices as conclusions? EssayThere is an entire social attitude attached to this comment. The wealthy and privileged believed that they were by birth deserving of the wealth, possessions and position that they inherited, and that in some way they had earned these things. They believed equally of the poor that they deserved their miserable circumstances. These lines also refer to the story of Lazarus in the Bible. Lazarus spent his life begging at a rich mans gate but went to heaven, whilst the rich man went to hell.  In this verse, Charlotte describes what seems to have been the most humiliating of her work experiences, show ing respect to her social superiors. And it is in this verse that she turns the tables on her employer. But Ill never say sir  Or thank you maam'  Charlotte had to call upper class men sir and women maam, and she had to curtsey to show respect and to be mindful of her own lower status, probably when she opened the door to them. Now she will never have to address anyone in this way again. This shows an attitude of determination and a conviction that she has changed her life for good.  This shows that Moniza had experienced an education unlike Charlotte ONeil who would have come from a very poor background. It also shows that the school friend doesnt seem willing to accept things which are different and from other cultures. This emphasises how difficult life would have been for Charlotte. The tiny mirrors sewn onto the material seem to be a way of recreating herself in the country she left. She tries to recall her parents story of her journey to England by boat and uses photographs to help her visualise her birthplace. The conflict in Pakistan brings it alive via newspapers. Sometimes the mirrors reveal her aunts and how they live and finally herself, of no fixed nationality, actually in Pakistan looking at the famous Shalimar Gardens. I pictured my  Birthplace  From fifties photographs.  The gifts encourage the speaker to think of her familys journey to England and to try to picture her birthplace which she doesnt remember. Pakistan is made more real by news of wars there and the speaker tries to imagine returning to a place, which is not quite home.  Much of the English background in the poem is assumed but generally it seems dull and safe compared with the vibrant and violent Pakistan. It is all very well, the poem suggests, for people from different countries to admire what is different there, but what if you have both sets of desires within yourself?  Beyond the story of the presents and the speakers reactions to them lies the dilemma of many people who have no certain identity or nationality. While they may grow up in one country, family and other links mean they never lose the impressions and reality of their country of birth.

The Civil War Was Not So Civil

The Civil War Was Not So Civil Free Online Research Papers The Northern and Southern states had been in conflict long since before the Constitution was signed in 1789. A number of formal compromises had eased the tension but it began to flare up again in the early 1800s. The American Civil War was a combination of four decades of intense social conflict and reflected economic, social and political differences between the Northern and the Southern states. Through the four years of bitter conflict and sacrifice, America would emerge a stronger and unified nation. This first main issue that the war was fought over was the industrial differences between the North and the South. In 1793, Eli Whitney, invented the cotton gin. At this time cotton became very profitable as a source of trade and the cotton gin revolutionized how cotton was harvested. â€Å"This machine was able to reduce the time it took to separate seeds from the cotton† (Kelly). At the same time that the cotton gin was created, there was an increase in the number of plantations willing to move from other crops to cotton. This meant that there was a greater need for large amounts of cheap labor. Because of this the Southerner economy became a one crop economy who depended on cotton and therefore on slavery. â€Å"Utilizing slave labor, cotton planters and farmers could cut costs† (Kelly). The South produced cotton to sell to other regions and for export to England. In exchange, Southerner farmers and planters purchased manufactured goods from the North. They also bou ght food items from the West and imported luxuries from Europe (Kelly). The growth of the Southern cotton industry served as big boost for the entire nations economy in the antebellum years. The Northern economy was based more on industry than agriculture. â€Å"The North had five times the number of factories as the South, and over ten times the number of factory workers. In addition, 90% of the nations skilled workers were in the North†(Economics of the Civil War). The labor forces in the North and South were primarily different as well. In the North, labor was expensive, and workers were very mobile and active. The Northern industries began purchasing raw cotton and turning it into finished goods. Another economic issue that divided the North from the South was based on tariffs. Tariffs are taxes placed on imported goods. â€Å"Throughout the antebellum period, whenever the federal government wanted to raise tariffs, the South generally opposed it and the North generally supported it. Southerners generally favored low tariffs because they kept the cost of imported goods low† (Economics of the civil War). This was important because the South was an import economy. Southern planters and farmers were concerned that high tariffs might make their European trading partners raise prices on manufactured goods. In the North, high tariffs were viewed favorably because the tariffs would make imported goods more expensive (Economics of the Civil War). Because of this, goods produced in the North would seem relatively cheap, and Americans would want to buy American goods instead of European goods. Many politicians at the time were in favor of the high tariffs because they protected the industry form foreign competition (King). Americans in the West were also divided on the issue. In the Southwest, where cotton was a primary commodity, people generally promoted low tariffs. In the Northwest, people supported high tariffs because of other resources (Economics of the Civil War). State verses federal rights were another big reason that the North was fighting against the South. During the time of the American Revolution two sides developed. There were those arguing for greater states rights and those arguing that the federal government should have more control. The Confederate States of America fought to preserve Constitutional Limited Federal Government as established by America’s founding fathers that were primarily Southern Gentlemen from Virginia. Thus Confederate soldiers were fighting for rights that had been paid for in blood by their forefathers upon the battlefields of the American Revolution (King).After the American Revolution, the first organized government was under the Articles of Confederation. The original thirteen states formed a loose confederation and a very weak federal government (Kelly). Because of this many problems began to develop. â€Å"This weak government caused the leaders of the time to come together at the Constitutional Convention and create, in secret, the US Constitution† (Kelly). Many people felt that the new constitution ignored the rights of states. They felt that it did not let them continue to act independently as they once did. States felt that they should still have the right to decide if they wanted to accept certain federal acts. (Kelly) As a result the process of nullification resulted. Nullification is a constitutional theory that gives an individual state the right to declare â€Å"null and void† any law passed by the United States Congress that the state deems unacceptable and unconstitutional. The federal government would later deny states this right however. John C. Calhoun, vise president in the Jackson administration, promoted nullification as a moderate alternative to secession (Harlow). When nullification would not work and states felt that they were no longer respected, they moved towards secession (Kelly). Indirectly slavery was a cause of the war. Many Southerners during this time did not own slaves. This is why they did not fight for the protection of slavery at the time. They did however believe that the North had no Constitutional right to free slaves held by citizens of the Sovereign Southern States. In the South as in the North, prior to the war, there were five times as many abolition societies (King). Nearly all of the southerners at the time were fighting for emancipation from the slaves. â€Å"During the Mexican War, conflict started about what would happen with the new territories that the US expected to gain upon victory† (King). In 1846, David Wilmot proposed the Wilmot Proviso. The Wilmot Provision would ban slavery in the new lands. The Wilmot Proviso justified many Southern’ fears that the North was against slavery. Many people worried that if politicians in the North prevented slavery from expanding westward, they feared they would be attacking in the S outh as well (The Civil War 1850-1865). Because of this, Southerners in both parties rejected the proviso after much debate. The great support was unprecedented and demonstrated just how serious the South really felt about the issue (The Civil War 1850-1865) At the end of the Mexican War, many new lands west of Texas were yielded to the United States including the lands gained from the Louisiana Purchase (The Civil War 1850-1856). The problem now was whether or not the new states admitted to the union would be slave or free (King). The Missouri compromise was passed in 1820. The compromise prohibited slavery in states from the former Louisiana Purchase, except in Missouri. Henry Clay created the compromise to deal with the balance between slave and free states (Kelly). The last issue that further increased tensions was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. â€Å"It created two new territories that would allow the states to use popular sovereignty to determine whether they would be free or slave† (Kelly). The Act opened a vast area in the nations heartland to the possible spread of slavery by repealing the Missouri compromise and providing that settlers would determine the status of slavery in these territories (Foner). The real issue occurred in Kansas where proslavery Missourians began to pour into the state to help force it to be slave. They were called â€Å"Border Ruffians.† Problems came to a head in violence at Lawrence Kansas. The fighting that occurred caused it to be called â€Å"Bleeding Kansas.† â€Å"The fight even erupted on the floor of the senate when antislavery proponent Charles Sumner was beat over the head by South Carolina’s Senator Preston Brooks† (Kelly). The Civil was one that resulted over a necessary combination of many factors. Their combatant had many separate views and believes that ultimately let them to war. The war was one that changed not only the country for the better but also changed the views of my individuals. Slavery, a key issue of the war was never looked at the same again after it. Harlow, Jennifer. â€Å"Nullification† The web chronology projects October 15, 1997 http://thenagain.info/WebChron/Glossary/Nullif.html King, James. â€Å"The 10 Causes of the War Between the States† The Confederacy Projects May 30, 2007 http://members.cox.net/polincorr1/conpro11.htm â€Å"The Civil War 1850-1865† Sparknotes History Study Guides 2007 sparknotes.com/history/american/civilwar/section1.html Kelly, Martin. â€Å"Top Five Causes of the Civil War† About.com History on the Web 2007 http://americanhistory.about.com/od/civilwarmenu/a/cause_civil_war.htm Foner, Eric. â€Å"Give Me Liberty, An American History† W.W. Norton Company, Inc. Copyright 2005. 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Conflict that occurs in a nuclear family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Conflict that occurs in a nuclear family - Essay Example Conflicts in a nuclear family occur mostly because of misunderstandings between and among its members. Traditional or extended families usually provide buffers during misunderstandings and conflicts. Since the nuclear family is deprived of other family members like aunts, uncles and grandparents who can help resolve these misunderstandings, these differences in opinion or misunderstandings take a longer time to resolve in nuclear families. As a result, â€Å"conflict in the form of misunderstanding or disagreement can be intensified unless repaired in time† (Tseng & Hsu, 1991). It is also undeniable that in times of crisis or when children become ill, the nuclear family is left to fend for itself. Without a strong support system, the members of the nuclear family often become stressed. They would also tend to vent their anger and frustrations on other family members. This often happens between parents who tend to break down and become stressed while dealing with family crisis. They lack the advantages that extended and traditional families would have been able to give them. Families can, without a doubt, provide a strong support system in times of stress and during health crises. The support and help that extended families can give the family are invaluable gifts that can go a long way towards easing family burdens. Another source of conflict in the nuclear family is usually seen among the children. Children have different ‘places’ in the family. The eldest, middle, and the youngest child are sometimes treated differently; as a result, they tend to act differently. The first born child is usually the most responsible and dependable child. He sees himself in the role of leader among his siblings. Conflicts often arise between him and his parents when the latter expect too much out of him. The first-born sometimes feels that too much responsibility is

Operations Management Field Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operations Management Field - Essay Example This essay stresses that for effective operation management to be achieved the quality management is very important, it enables the firms to continuously improve its products. There are recent quality management advancements like the total quality management and benchmarking that enhance the operations management. This discussion declares that benchmarking involves comparing the services or products with others that are related to it so as to know the performance of the organization’s products in the market arena. Continuous improvements involves adding features and removing others so as to make the products and services more satisfying to the customer, this even may involve producing goods that are customized. Continuous improvement enables a firm to have more loyal customers and win more customers. Effect analysis and failure mode enables the quality management to know areas that are likely to be faulty or fail and therefore know areas to give priority. Total quality management ensures that the customer’s needs are met and stresses more on the measurement and control as a means of guarantying continuous improvement. Some of the internationally recognized methods of quality management standards that firms must be audited to be certified include the ISO9000. Six sigma is also a q uality management tool that uses all available data to measure the defects that should eventually be 3.4 parts per million meaning the six standard deviation. The University of Portsmouth employs competent personnel who run its resources. There is the students union, media and a limited company which is ran by students. The media consists of a radio station and magazine. SERVICE AND PRODUCT MANAGEGEMENT This involves a range of activities which begins from when the idea of the new product is developed, manufacturing the new product and eventually assisting the customers who buy the new products. The way a product is managed depends on the type of products or services a firm is dealing with, it's also depends on the kind of business, that is whether retailing, manufacturing or wholesaling. Service and product development involves customer maximization, product development, customer development and diversification. This further requires proper marketing strategy with the use of the product cycle. Proper product evaluation needs to carried to ensure that the product is competitive through market research, proper pricing and competitive analysis. To ensure that the product or service management is successful, there is need to have proper distribution channels, advertising, and service, sales and promotional force. The University of Portsmouth was founded in 1869 as a school of science and was elevated to the position of university in 1992. The University offers the good management and in its operations and is rated as excellent by quality assurance agency in the courses it offers, among the best courses it offers to its students include: operational research, pharmacy psychology, languages, computer engineering among others. Most

Potential Market for Best Buy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Potential Market for Best Buy - Assignment Example According to the Central Intelligence Agency, Chile has an estimated population of 16,601,707, which ranks it 60th when compared to the other countries in the world (2009). Located along the Southwestern coast of South America, Chile has a total area of 756,102 sq km and shares common borders with Argentina, Bolivia and Peru (Central Intelligence Agency, 2009). The economic situation in Chile is promising, in part because Chile's government has developed policies which encourage the use of the country as an "investment platform" for multinational organizations wishing to operate in South America (Global Edge Chile, 2010). Chile also has a Foreign Investment Law which provides foreign investors with the same benefits as Chilean businesses. Registration is straightforward and foreign investors are able to repatriate their profits and capital through the official foreign exchange market (Global Edge Chile, 2010). Chile is characterized by a market economy therefore has a high level of foreign trade with export accounting for 40% of the GDP most which are commodities (http://www.theodora.com). It has a reputation for a strong financial institution and sound policy making it the strongest bond rating in South America (http://www.theodora.com). It has reco... It has recorded a total GDP of $240.3 billion in 2007, $248 billion in 2008 and $244.3 billion in 2009 (http://www.theodora.com). The decline is mostly attributed to the recession. These figures show a positive growth rate in 2008 but a negative one in 2009. To be specific, it is estimates that GDP grew by 3.2% in 2008, although less than the 4.7% growth in 2007 and a negative rate of -1.5% in 2009 (http://www.theodora.com). Other relevant figures are: unemployment rate increased from 7.75% in 2008 to 10% in 2009, inflation rate declined from 8.7% in 2008 to 1. 7% in 2009 and exchange rate of Chilean peso per dollar also weakened from 509.02 in 2008 to 569.37 in 2009 (http://www.theodora.com). Although the 2009 figures show signs of recession, the economy is expected to be on the course of exiting recession on a gradual basis (Antonio de la Jara). Chile's Stand on Trade and Foreign Direct Investment "Chile deepened its longstanding commitment to trade liberalization with the signing of a free trade agreement with the US, which took effect on 1 January 2004. Chile claims to have more bilateral or regional trade agreements than any other country" (http://www.theodora.com). Currently, Chile has signed 57 agreements (not all of them full free trade agreements), which includes that with the European Union, Mercosur, China, India, South Korea, and Mexico (http://www.theodora.com). "Over the past five years, foreign direct investment inflows have quadrupled to some $17 billion in 2008, but FDI dropped to about $7 billion in 2009 in the face of diminished investment throughout the world" (http://www.theodora.com). Chile is indeed a wonderful place to venture into investment as the government is

Skeletal Specimens for Scientific Studies

Skeletal Specimens for Scientific Studies This report is about the proper techniques for preparing, cleaning, whitening and articulation of skeletal specimens for osteological, biological, veterinary or zoological study. It will explain the three usual techniques used to clean the bones of soft tissue and a few of the more uncommon ways to do so. It will go slightly in depth in each category and then move onto the proper ways and improper ways that the bones themselves are whitened and all lipids are removed from the bones, than it will discuss how to seal the bones to protect them from the elements. Then it will discuss actual articulation and go into detail on the types of articulation commonly used. Lastly it will go over common uses for prepared articulated skeletons. Skeletal articulations have been going on since museums first started displaying taxidermied animals. Many times the animals bones didnt want to be wasted so either the skulls or entire skeletons would be saved in archives to help accurately catalog specimens kept in the museum. Eventually the idea was had to reconstruct these skeletons into lifelike poses and display them in the museum as well, this is where skeletal articulation found its roots. In the picture below is an example of an articulated skeleton of a Potto, a species of primate There are multiple ways to clean the specimens that are used for articulations. There are three common ways that it is done with satisfactory results, the first and most common method is with the use of the beetle Dermestes maculatus, otherwise known as the dermestid, or skin, beetle. These beetles start their life as a small microscopic egg typically laid near dried animal material, which than hatch out as small furry larvae which are black to brown in color. The eggs typically take a day to hatch and the larvae go through multiple stages, or instars, before finally pupating and emerging as an adult. Post, L (n.d) Bone Builders notebook. Pg. 21 Homer, AK, Author published. The male beetle attracts the female with pheromones, which is a common method in the insect world. There is no intermale aggression or territorial aggression. These beetles are useful not only in skeletal articulation but also in the field of human forensics. The main way these beetles assist in the cleaning of bones for articulation is they eat the flesh fairly quickly, the larger the colony the faster the job gets done. With a colony of one thousand beetles an animal the size of a weasel could be cleaned overnight, as opposed to some of the other methods which take considerably longer. An example of a small colony cleaning a deer skull can be seen in the below picture The beetles are also extremely delicate and thorough in the job that they do, being able to clean even the skeletons of young animals without fully formed bones while doing little to no damage. B. Shaver P.E Kaufman (2009). They also allow articulators to perform ligamentary articulations. A drawback to using beetles for cleaning is they often leave a lot of fat in the bones, making for a longer whitening and degreasing process. Beetles usually live for around 6 months in their adult form, however they breed very quickly. I have personally raised a colony of these beetles from just eighteen beetles to well over five thousand in a little over a year. A second common method for cleaning bones for use is maceration, which requires less maintenance than a beetle colony but also takes a lot more time to fully clean the bones. Maceration is the submersion of the specimen in water to decompose fully. This is further broken down into two categories, cold water maceration and warm water maceration. Cold water maceration typically takes a longer period of time to completely decompose the specimen, however it is easier maintenance and is typically used in warmer climates. Warm water maceration usually uses some form of heating element in the water to speed up the process of decomposition. It also has the added benefit of helping to melt some of the lipids left in the bones, helping to degrease the bones while cleaning them at the same time. Maceration when used properly results in much cleaner bones than the other methods of cleaning, however it takes a considerable amount of time to complete. Times can vary from a week or two for a small animal like a mouse to a few years for larger animals such as horses and cattle. Generally the water temperature is kept at or above 80 degrees for warm water maceration. This dramatically lowers the degreasing time by melting and liquefying the lipids in the bones, making it easier for the bacteria to consume and for physical removal of the fat. This techniques major drawback is mostly the smell it produces, which if never smelled before has been known to produce ill responses. Most of the time maceration is done in small containers with separate bone groups separated from each other, for example the arm bones separated, the leg bones separated, and the ribs and spine separated. This makes it much easier to rearrange the bones after the cleaning process is done. These sections are often placed in mesh bags made of some form of plastic, as if it were a form of cloth it could potentially also be digested and consumed by the bacteria in the water. Other times specimens may be placed in wire cages and placed in streams, rivers, or ponds to macerate, which also allows natural scavengers to help do the work, however there is a far greater potential to lose bones this way, or have it tampered with. A third common technique for cleaning bones is boiling. This technique involves actually cooking the specimen for multiple hours until the soft tissues become soft enough to come away from the bones. There are several problems with this method and the main one being that people tend to actually boil the bones, damaging them with the heat and making them soft and flaky. It is best to simmer the bones on low heat for a long period of time to help avoid from damaging the bones. Often times the heat tends to leech the fat directly into the bones, making for a terribly long degreasing process. This technique is commonly employed by taxidermists for European mounts, which is keeping the skull and horns of game animals such as deer or antelope. A European mount may be seen in the below picture Some people will also add baking powder to help strip the soft tissue from the bones, this is highly damaging to the bones and though initial results may look alright, without proper sealing the bones will soon turn dusty and deteriorate overtime, until you are left with nothing more than dust. This process is also usually done in pieces so as to make organization of the skeleton a simpler process. Times can vary from a few hours for smaller sections of bone to well over twenty four hours for larger animals or sections of bones. Often times the spine of the animal will present a problem as there is much cartilage, nervous tissue and muscle tissue holding them together. Manuel removal of flesh is required for this technique, often involving fine scalpel blades and knives, as well as stiff wire brushes. Overall this technique is the least efficient of the three common techniques and has the most potential for damaging the specimen, therefore it is often not recommended to be tried by those first starting skeletal articulations, as they are more prone to make careless errors and mistakes. The most efficient and time efficient method of the three common methods is using dermested beetles. There are many more ways to clean the bones of specimens for display however now I will discuss just two of the more uncommon ways of doing this. The first less uncommon way of cleaning bones is simply burying the specimen in the ground and allowing nature to do the work. Often times the specimen is placed in a cloth bag and buried so as to not lose bones, however the cloth bag can also be effected by decay, and be eaten away in the soil by invertebrates and bacteria naturally present there. Bones are commonly lost using this method and it may take several years for the soft tissue to effectively be decomposed even in small specimens. A large problem with using this method is the fact that minerals are naturally found in the soil and often will leave orange or rusty red stains on the bones due to the presence of iron in the soil. These stains can be removed but not always thoroughly using strong chemicals which also damage the bone; this is not an optimal situation. Sometimes after removing the bones from the ground it will be discovered that the soft tissues have mummified to the bones, making it very hard to remove. This happens frequently in warmer dryer climates. The dried tissue than has to be removed manually with tools and than most of the time needs to be boiled or put into a dermested colony, defeating the purpose of putting the specimen in the ground to begin with. A second uncommon technique used for cleaning is using chemicals to remove the soft tissues. L. Post (n.d) Bone Builders notebook. Pg 24. Homer, AK, self published. Commonly household drain cleaner is used for this process, as it eats away at the soft tissue by either being strongly acidic or basic. Other times fifteen percent or higher hydrogen peroxide is used as it oxidizes the flesh. A drawback to this technique is the obvious danger of using strong chemicals which may severely burn the user. These chemicals if not used in proper percentages can completely eat away a small specimen in just a few hours, so a close eye has to be kept on the entire process. Often times the ligaments are the last parts to be dissolved and with proper timing can be used to make a ligamentary articulation. The benefit of these techniques are they are fairly hands off, however there are often multiple things that can go wrong and ruin a specimen or possibly even harm the articulator. Some of these techniques are still new to practice and must be tuned a bit more to get proper results. Often times it is best just to use those techniques which are proven safe and effective as they are the ones that have most likely been around the longest. Those who wish to start skeletal articulations are often suggested to ask the area museum of natural history what their opinion is or which technique they employ for their own skeletal displays, they will often be more than happy to help you. After proper cleaning of the specimen has been achieved it is necessary to remove all fat from the bones and make them as white as possible for a clean looking display. By removing the fat not only are you making the skeleton look better but also you are removing a possible source of bacterial growth and unsanitary conditions. This also helps to lessen the risk of possibly having the skeleton have any off odors of decay, not what is wanted for proper display of specimens. Often the first step to degreasing is doing a preliminary soak in hydrogen peroxide, three percent for smaller skeletons or up to thirty percent for larger bones or skeletons, though thirty percent hydrogen peroxide can be an extremely dangerous chemical, and all proper precautions must be taken. Hydrogen peroxide works on the principal of oxidization, which is the removal of one or more electrons from a chemical composition. Basically oxidization is what causes rust to occur on certain metals. By removing an electron, the chemical composition of the substance is changed. In this instance it makes bones turn from a natural color to a brighter white. This first preliminary soak in hydrogen peroxide whitens the bone in areas where less natural fat deposits are occurring, typically at the ends of the bones away from the marrow in the center of most long bones. By whitening these areas first it reveals the areas with the most fat present, thus making an area to target for the actual degreasing process. Without doing this first preliminary soak it would make the process of degreasing longer and require more water changes than what might truly be necessary. There are a few different ways to go about degreasing the bones of specimens used for articulation. The two most common methods are using ammonia and using some form of detergent in warm water, both being an effective means of degreasing bones, however the detergent method is a bit more complicated. When using ammonia to remove lipids from bones it is usually done using uncut household ammonia, though this is not the strongest form of ammonia that can be used, it does the job and is the safest to use. It does not need to be warmed to be effective, however the warmer it is the faster it acts on the fat molecules in the bone. When using the detergent method for degreasing it is common to use one cup of detergent per five to ten gallons of water. Using straight detergent has been done before but often leaves less than desirable effects, such as discoloration of bone. An aquarium heater or other form of water heater can be used to warm the water in the container, making the detergent act upon removing the fat a bit faster. With small skeletons this method may take a few weeks to a month, but with larger bones and skeletons it may take several months and several water changes to reach the desired effects. With the ammonia method it usually takes a shorter period of time than if you were using the detergent method, from a few days for small bones to a month or two for larger skeletons. It is very important to protect the bones and skeletons that are being worked on from the elements and the natural passage of time. There is more than one way to do this and most are effective. The first and most common way to seal bones is using a dipping technique using a mixture of Elmers glue and water. The glue tends to be soluble in water and it is a very natural and non-harsh way to treat bones. The whole skeleton or bone is dipped into the mixture and allowed to dry, the glue naturally forms a clear protective layer over the skeleton however if it needs to be removed all that need be done is for it to be re-dipped in hot water and the glue will melt off. Reasons why the glue, or any sealant, might need to be removed range from grease coming to the surface of the bone or skeleton after it was thought it was all removed, which can be a frustrating and disheartening occurrence, to the skeletons position needing to be changed, for any number of reasons. Sometimes the sealant might need to be removed because a new, more reliable sealant has been found, with the first being used temporarily to protect the bone from harm. Sometimes damaged skeletons can be salvaged if using the correct sealant. If the bone was compromised during cleaning, often from harsh chemicals or too much heat being applied, the sealant will keep the bones from coming apart or further cracking. The teeth of large carnivorous mammals have a tendency to crack over time due to moisture in the teeth slowly evaporating, and when a liquid evaporates into a solid it takes up more room, cracking the tooth. This can be avoided by placing the tooth in a drying material such as rice or cotton, and letting it sit for a few weeks to a few months. The tooth is than covered in a clear strong sealant, clear nail polish being a good example of this. Several coats are applied to make the tooth very strong and stable. The same procedure can be applied to the keratin sheath on the claws of animals. Another method of sealing bones or skeletons involves buying a clear spray paint from a reputable brand that is known to not yellow over time. The skeleton or bone is laid out in a ventilated area and sprayed in several coats of the spray paint and allowed to dry. Depending on the type of paint used the sealant will either appear dull and non-reflective, keeping the natural properties of the bone, or it will appear to be shiny and reflective, which often times may be applied to teeth and claws for those who keep private collections of skeletons for their own research. Typically in a museum quality specimen a flat coat is used to keep the bones looking as natural as possible. Other times no sealant is used at all on bones which have been professionally cleaned, and the bones or skeletons are simply kept under glass or in a display case, to protect them from dust and the oils found on human fingers and skin. Several types of articulations exist and are used in different manners for different institutions or research. Articulations and collections can be broken down into personal collections, museum or educational collections, or veterinary models, though often times in recent years replicas and reproductions are used for this purpose as they are often cheaper and far less fragile. Articulations and collections for personal use can be found in the homes of hunters, taxidermists, medical and veterinary students or just those people who are interested in natural history, anatomy or biology. Skull collections are often a simple and less complicated means of having an inventory of collections for certain species without having to do full skeletal articulations, these are fairly common in the homes of hunters and taxidermists. Those who keep full skeletal articulations often times have them on bases or in a natural habitat type setup. Often, those who are more interested in the general anatomy of the skeletons themselves have free standing skeletal articulations or those without bases, These are simpler to complete and may sometimes require bars to keep the articulation stable and from falling and possibly becoming damaged. Free standing articulations of smaller animals may be done through the use of ligament articulations. This involves letting a dermested beetle colony clean the skeleton, and watching the process very carefully so as to know the precise time to take the skeleton out of the colony. This takes practice to do, but when done right can make articulations much easier to complete. Essentially the beetles eat away all soft tissues except those ligaments which are holding the skeleton together. Often one or two bones may break away from the main skeleton but can easily be reattached at the time of the actual articulation. Than the entire skeleton goes through the degreasing process and during this time the ligaments are kept hydrated, making the skeleton very flexible and easy to manipulate. A stand may be built and pins used to put the skeleton into the position that you want it to dry in, though as ligaments dry they begin to contract and become hard, and on small enough animals such as mice, may not be visible at all. It is often necessary to re-align bones that shift during the drying process, as contraction of the ligaments causes them to move around, but if it dries in a position not right, all that need be done is for the skeleton to be re-hydrated and posed again. Once the skeleton is dried in an acceptable pose the pins and remove the support frame and often times the skeleton may be free standing. With larger skeletons, more tools and work may be involved. Common tools used for articulation of larger skeletons include drills, pins, eye screws, and metal pars or wiring. Where ligaments would normally hold bone to bone, metal pins sunk into the joints may be necessary, and these are often siliconed into place so as not to come apart again. An example of a cougar skeleton on a base may be found below A bar is often ran up the neural canal of the spine and reshaped to form the natural arch and support found in the spinal column of most vertebrates. The rod terminates after entering the foramen magnum of the skull, and may then be epoxied into place to keep from coming apart. There is naturally cartilage which attaches from the ventral end of the ribs to the sternum, to be as accurate as possible this cartilage must be rebuilt. The cartilage is often rebuilt be using thin wires which come from the sterna end of the ribs and attach to each other and to the sternum, and are than covered in layers of clear silicone to replicate cartilage. Another interesting articulation which is rarely seen is known as the Beauchene skull, which was first developed for human skeletal articulations by a French anatomist named Claude Beauchene in the mid eighteen hundreds. Cult of weird staff (n.d) Beauchene skull, retrieved from Cult Of Weird website http://www.cultofweird.com/medical/beauchene-skull/. This type of articulation is where the individual bones of the skull on one side of the skull are removed from each other in an exploded manner, so that the internal anatomy and the individual bones may be studied. This is a very infrequently seen articulation in animal skeleton articulations. Young animals may also be used in skeletal articulations, and though it may be sad to think that a young animal lost its life before it could grow into an adult, they are also an important research for the continuation of Osteological study. The bones of young animals are often much softer and not fully connected which makes for a more difficult articulation. Young animals also usually contain more bones than adults, as the individual bones grow they form together to make larger bones. These skeletons may be used in comparative anatomy with the skeleton of an adult of the same species of the animal. Young animals require a much finer touch and can usually only be cleaned through the use of beetles, as other cleaning techniques that were previously discussed will most likely be too harsh on the young bones, resulting in damage or complete disintegration of the bones. Skeletal articulations may also be used in area nature centers in parks, to help demonstrate the local wildlife in that particular area. They are found in taxidermist shops to help promote business and show the skill of the taxidermist who owns the company. Often times larger universities have a colony of dermested beetles to help demonstrate to students the natural life cycle of the beetle for entomology students while also having an inventory of bones or skeletons for other majors of the college, such as anatomy biology or zoology. Skeletal articulations are a necessary component of anatomical and other fields of study. Without the use of skeletons for research we would never know how bones connect to each other, how different teeth of animals are used for different food that the animals ingest and how certain animals from certain families have unique evolutionary adaptations, such as the cat family, with their retractable claws, or the pinniped family, whos limbs have evolved into flippers, but are still able to haul out on land to escape predators from the ocean. Skeletal anatomy is important to most if not all biological sciences, and without skeletal articulators there would be far less to look at in your favorite natural history museum, and we may never have known what dinosaurs skeletons may have looked like properly articulated. The next time you take a look at a skeleton in a museum, think about the hard work and patience that went into putting that skeleton together.

memo for motion against summary judgment :: essays research papers

I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction and Standard for Opposition to Summary Judgment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crowell Academy, Inc. and Arturo Gomez, (hereinafter, collectively â€Å"Crowell†) were grossly negligent and used willful misconduct in their responsibilities involving the fencing club. The bargaining power of Crowell was so grossly unequal so as to put Lajuana Barnett at the mercy of Crowell’s negligence. Lastly, the exculpatory clause contained in the release form (see release form) is void as against public policy. Consequently, under Maryland law, it is up to the trier of fact to determine if the exculpatory clause is unenforceable. As such, there is a dispute as to the genuine issue of material fact related to Crowell’s Answer, Crowell can be liable to Lajauna Barnett for negligence, and Crowell is not entitled to Summary Judgment as a matter of law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Summary Judgment should be granted only upon a showing that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. Rairigh, 59 Md. App. 305, 313, cert. denied, 301 Md. 176 (1984). If there is a conflict between the inferences which may be drawn from the evidence before the court, summary judgment is not proper. Boucher v. Riner, 68 Md. App. 539, 543 (1986) (quoting Coffey v. Derby Steel Co., 291 Md. 241, 246-247 (1981)). Unless the facts are so clear as to permit a conclusion as a matter of law, it is for the trier of fact to determine whether a defendant’s negligent conduct amounts to gross negligence. Jacob v. Davis, 128 Md.App. 433, 465 (1999) (quoting Artis v. Cyphers, 100 Md.App. 633, 652 (1994)). Generally, exculpatory agreements otherwise valid are not construed to cover the more extreme forms of negligence-wilful, wanton, reckless, or gross. Winterstein v. Wilcom, 16 Md.App. 130, 136 (1972). II.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Statement of Undisputed Material Facts 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Defendant Arturo Gomez is the fencing coach at Crowell and at all times relevant to this matter acted as Crowell’s servant. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crowell provides weapons and electronic scoring devices for club members; club members provide their own protective equipment, including mask, glove, jacket, and plastron. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the fencing Club meeting prior to October 16, 2001, Gomez instructed team members in footwork preparatory to allowing them to handle weapons 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the October 16, 2001 club meeting, Gomez instructed club members to don their protective equipment for their initial experience with using their weapons. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plaintiff’s nerve was severed under her left arm when an epee sliced through plaintiff’s jacket. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plaintiff had put the plastron on her right arm.